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Novel model systems have provided powerful tools for the research of human biology. Despite of being widely used, the conventional research models could not precisely describe the human physiological phenomenon. Organoids are three-dimensional multicellular aggregates derived from stem cells or organ progenitors that could differentiate and self-organize to recapitulate some specific functionalities and architectures of their in vivo counterpart organs. Organoids can be used to simulate organogenesis because of their human origin. In addition, the genomic stability of organoids could be well maintained during long-term amplification in vitro. Moreover, organoids can be cryopreserved as a live biobank for high-throughput screening. Combinatorial use of organoids with other emerging technologies (e.g. gene editing, organ-on-a-chip and single-cell RNA sequencing) could overcome the bottlenecks of conventional models and provide valuable information for disease modelling, pharmaceutical research, precision medicine and regenerative medicine at the organ level. This review summarizes the classifications, characteristics, current applications, combined use with other technologies and future prospects of organoids.
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Humans , Gene Editing , Models, Biological , Organoids , Regenerative Medicine , Stem CellsABSTRACT
Cinnamomi Ramulus and Cinnamomi Cortex are widely used to treat paralysis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). There are numerous and complicated relative records in ancient literatures. Doctors often use Cinnamomi Ramulus to dispel wind and cold, remove blood stasis and combine with warm-natured and heat-natured herbs to treat excess paralysis and early-stage paralysis. And Cinnamorni Cortex is used to warm and invigorate kidney Yang and combine with warm-benefiting herbs to treat deficiency paralysis and chronicle paralysis. However, modern pharmaceutical studies reported that their active substances are almost the same. The active substances in Cinnamomi Cortex are more than those in Cinnamomi Ramulus. The mechanisms of treating paralysis include:suppressing inflammation and regulating immunity by down-regulating nuclear factors(NF)-κB, mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK), Janus kinase-signal transducers/activators of transcription(JAK/STAT) signaling pathways, regulating cell proliferation by inhibiting the proliferation of fibroblasts, osteoclasts and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and promoting the proliferation of osteoblast, resisting oxidation by scavenging oxygen free radicals, regulating pain by mediating TRPA1 and TRPV1,and enhancing substance metabolism and losing weight by regulating the secretion of intestinal hormones (Ghrelin, GLP-1) and improving insulin resistance. The main active ingredient Cinnamaldehyde is unstable in vivo and easily oxidized to cinnamic acid. The toxicity of the two medicines and their components are relatively low. This paper reviews and analyses relative records in ancient literatures, traditional Chinese medicine cognition of their effects in treating paralysis, the achievements and problems of chemical,pharmacological,pharmacokinetic and toxicological researches in recent years, with the aim to provide theoretical basis for further research and application.
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In recent years,with the rapid development of life sciences,changes on the understanding and requirements for innovative drugs of Chinese materia medica (CMM) from the drug approval authorities have been made.In this paper,the discovery,research and development (R & D) approaches for innovative drugs of CMM under new situations were summarized and introduced in details from five aspects as follows.The discovery of innovative drugs from active components of CMMs,active fractions of CMMs and their compound preparations,famous classic prescription,clinically effective prescriptions as well as the famous Chinese patent drugs.This paper puts forward some new ideas for the pharmaceutical researches of innovative drugs of CMM,including the production process,chemical components,quality study,quality standard and stability.This paper provided references for the discovery,R & D of CMM.
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Objective To investigate the current situation of pharmaceutial research and influencing factors in primary hospitals located in Hangzhou Fuyang county.Methods A designed questionnaire was used collecting information from the pharmacists of six Fuyang city medical institutes.Results Among 156 valid questionnaires 54 (34.62％) pharmacists showed their interest in pharmaceutial research,however only 4 of them had the opportunity to participate or host such project.The top reason of interesting in research was that it would help in their job promotion and enhance their own value.We found that most of pharmacists thought that it is very difficulties to conduct research and it is not necessary to do so.The educational background was found to related with research interest with a statistical significance (P＜0.001);and the difference in accomplishment was statistically significant among pharmacists (P＜0.05).Conclusions Current status of research in primary hospital pharmacists is worrysome.The hospital administrators need to pay great attention to medical research,make efforts to develop and provide the excellent policy and technological platform to enhance the research activities of pharmacists.
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Objective To develop an instrument that detects the endurance of an animal hanging on a bar during medical and pharmaceutical scientific experiments .Methods One pair of opto sensors were used for signal conversion .A solenoid valve device was used for water level .A 51-Series microcontroller was used to control the experimental setup and record the results .Results We have developed a microcontroller-based experimental instrument that can automatically detects the endurance of an animal hanging on a bar during medical and pharmaceutical scientific experiments .Our experimental results with 28 mice indicated that the applicability of the instrument is good .Conclusion The instrument provides an innovative tool for detecting the endurance of an animal .
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OBJECTIVE: To review the central functions of macrophages in atherosclerosis, to provide the literature support and strategies for diagnosis, therapy, pharmaceutical research and development of atherosclerosis. METHODS: This paper had consulted, analysed, concluded and summarized research progress of the functions of macrophages in atherosclerosis in recent years. RESULTS: AND CONCLUSION: Macrophages participate in many stages of atherosclerosis, and biomacromolecules related to macrophages, such as cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, transportproteins and miRNA, also play important roles. It is important to recognize the roles of macrophages and related biomacromolecules in atherosclerosis development in order to deeply understand etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and provide bases for diagnosis, therapy, pharmaceutical research and development.
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Traditional medicinal plants have been the origin and basis of pharmacology and therapeutics. On the other side, over the last decades, natural product and medicinal plant research have been cut down within pharmaceutical companies claiming economic and availability reasons. However, traditional medicinal plants have played an important role in drug discovery. For these reason, ethnobotany and traditional medicine may still be a useful strategy and a valuable tool for future pharmaceutical research.
Las plantas medicinales tradicionales han constituido el origen y las bases de la farmacología y la terapéutica. Por otro lado, en las últimas décadas, la investigación sobre productos naturales y plantas medicinales se ha reducido considerablemente en las industrias farmacéuticas debido a diversos motivos, entre ellos disponibilidad y coste. Sin embargo, las plantas medicinales con usos tradicionales han jugado un papel fundamental y decisivo en el descubrimiento de nuevos fármacos. Por este motivo, la etnobotánica y la medicina tradicional todavía pueden constituir una estrategia útil y una herramienta valiosa para la investigación farmacéutica del futuro.
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Biomedical Research , Drug Discovery , Ethnobotany , Medicine, Traditional , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for the development of pharmaceutical research in pharmacy department of stomatology hospital.METHODS: SWOT analysis was applied to analyze advantage,disadvantage,opportunities and threats of the development of pharmaceutical research in pharmacy department of our hospital.The development strategy of pharmaceutical research was investigated based on current research work.RESULTS: The advantages were fruitful oral disease resources and high informationization degree,etc.The disadvantages were weak hardware and non-professional scientific researchers,etc.The opportunities were that research was guaranteed by law and oral preparations were required in the clinic.The threats were that the situation of preparations development was serious.CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacy department should take internal advantage and external opportunities to develop pharmaceutical research in line with local conditions.
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OBJECTIVE: To develop in 6-year grade postgraduates the expert knowledge and capability in clinical pharmacy through systematic training and practice. METHODS: In the early post-graduate stage,the postgraduate students were assigned to different specific areas. Training methods such as clinical tutoring system,multi-angle training,regular training etc were taken,and a training procedure of pharmacy practice,clinical practice and joining in specialized subjects etc was set up for the students. RESUTLS: After training,the students had adapted to the routine work in hospital pharmacy,developed the knowledge and skills to provide clinical pharmaceutical care,and mastered the clinical pharmacy research methodologies to set up subjects and solve clinical problems. CONCLUSION: The training program for the 6-year grade postgraduates majored in clinical pharmacy achieved a satisfactory outcome in either practice or scientific research.
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OBJECTIVE:To explore the way out for the continuing development of hospital preparations.METHODS:We analyzed the current situation of hospital preparations and the existing problems in pharmaceutical research related to hospital preparations and discussed the feasible developmental direction of hospital preparations.RESULTS:To achieve a continuing development for hospital preparations,hospitals have to improve their current technology for preparations,closely combine the characteristics of hospitals to prepare preparations targeted to the needs of the clinic,shift to the development of new drugs on the basis of the existing preparations and carry out pharmaceutical work and basic study closely related to clinical pharmacy.CONCLUSION:Transformation from a simple supply type to a technology-based supply type and exploitation research type will be a feasible trend for the development of hospital preparations.